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Decade since Ebola, Sierra Leone fights another deadly fever

Rummaging in the darkness of a tiny mud and thatch home in eastern Sierra Leone, ecologist James Koninga plucks a metal rat trap from under a collapsed bedframe.

The 62-year-old belongs to a group of researchers tracking the deadly Lassa fever, a viral haemorrhagic illness endemic in several West African countries and transmitted by infected rats.

Koninga knows all too well what is at stake — he spent a gruelling 20 days in hospital with a Lassa-induced fever, headache and diarrhoea as a young researcher 30 years ago.

“I thought I was going away, I was going to die,” he said.

Ten years ago, the hemorrhagic Ebola virus devastated this region, killing over 11,000 people across Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia.

Sierra Leone has not recorded an Ebola case since the outbreak ended in 2016, thanks partly to a vaccine rollout.

In Kenema district, an early Ebola epicentre, scientists are using the lessons learned a decade ago to try to stop Lassa fever in its tracks.

With an overall fatality rate of one percent, Lassa is nowhere near as deadly as Ebola, which kills on average 50 percent of sufferers, according to the World Health Organization.

But one in five Lassa infections can result in severe illness with a fatality rate of 15 percent.

While cases have largely plateaued in Sierra Leone, researchers are seeing a spread beyond traditional Lassa hotspots.

There is no licensed vaccine and only limited treatment, with the scars of Ebola preventing many from seeking early life-saving help.

  • -Living with rats –
    Monitoring the rodent population is crucial in remote villages like Mapuma, where some 20 houses lie enveloped by dense forest.

“Rats burrow inside the houses for shelter,” explained Koninga, donning a face shield and gloves.

Humans usually contract Lassa virus after having contact with the urine, saliva or droppings of infected rats.

“If people come in from the bush with cuts on them and lie on the bed, they could be infected.”

Proximity to the forest, rudimentary mud construction, and uncovered grain and water storage make the dwellings “five-star hotels” for rats, said Lansana Kanneh, 58, field supervisor at the region’s Kenema Government Hospital (KGH).

“Food is scarce for these people so sometimes they even eat the food that has been partially eaten by the rodent,” he added.

Trappers can find up to 20 rats per day in some villages.

After identifying if the rodents are the Lassa-carrying Mastomys variety, samples are collected for analysis.

The rats then receive an injection that prevents viral transmission before being released.

Lassa virus infects between 100,000 and 300,000 people annually in West Africa, killing roughly 5,000, according to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.

But the figures likely underestimate the true scale given surveillance challenges.

Admissions to the Lassa unit at KGH — Sierra Leone’s only dedicated treatment centre -– have declined in the past decade.

Patients normally arrive in the 14-bed isolation ward during the dry season from November to May, but this once-predictable pattern is increasingly uncertain.

  • -‘Lassa blood’ –
    “Now we see cases year-round,” said Donald Grant, head of the KGH Lassa fever programme.

The team are also noticing Lassa beyond traditionally endemic zones, with Grant suspecting an improvement in testing as well as deforestation driving rodents into closer contact with humans.

Over the past decade, KGH has also seen an alarming uptick in Lassa patient mortality, which now stands at over 50 percent.

“We’ve seen a lot of these cases coming in in their late stages,” said Kanneh.

“Sometimes they only spend 24 to 48 hours in the hospital, and they die.”

Rapid detection is the key to survival, but non-specific febrile symptoms mean Lassa is commonly misdiagnosed as malaria, cholera or typhoid.

Hours-long journeys on dirt roads prevent many from seeking treatment.

As does the trauma from Ebola, which killed some 4,000 Sierra Leoneans.

“The community people thought that Ebola was brought by the health workers,” Kanneh said, explaining that a lingering mistrust contributed to reduced admissions.

A KGH team raises awareness in local communities about seeking rapid help and ensuring good domestic hygiene.

It is a message well-received by Musa Mosoh, a 53-year-old Lassa survivor who lost seven family members to the illness.

As the morning rain fell in his village of Panguma — a Lassa red zone — Mosoh recalled how his family had faced stigma from the community.

“Now… people have got the understanding we are not from Lassa blood, it’s just a sickness.”

Mosoh tells those with a continuous fever or headache to go straight to the hospital, and even keeps cats to repel any virus-carrying rodents.

Grant, the doctor, is hopeful of a vaccine in the next few years.

Participants in Nigeria and Liberia are currently being given the first-ever Lassa vaccine to reach phase two trials — the midway point of testing in humans.

But Grant still urges caution.

Ebola “taught us a lesson that we need not wait until that critical moment that it overwhelms all of us,” he said.

“We need to act now.”

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2 Comments

2 Comments

  1. Elmo Gates

    October 1, 2024 at 5:09 pm

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Health

Constant sexual intercourse does not prevent prostate cancer– urologist

Dr Odezi Otobo, a Consultant Urologist says there is no medical or urological evidence that constant sexual intercourse and ejaculation reduce a man’s risk of contracting prostate cancer.

Otobo, who works with the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), said this at a medical outreach for men organised by Asi Ukpo Comprehensive Cancer Centre on Monday in Calabar.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the outreach which was held at the premises of the Christian Central Chapel International (CCCI), Calabar, is part of programmes to commemorate “Movember.”

Movember, which involves growing of moustaches, is an annual event held in November to raise awareness of men’s health issues such as prostate cancer, testicular cancer and men’s mental health.

The urologist who was reacting to claims on social media that constant sexual activities and having multiple girlfriends could prevent prostate cancer, said the disease was either hereditary, caused by lifestyle or environment.

“Instead of taking unprofessional and unscientific advice from different quarters, it is important to visit a hospital if you notice anything and for those in their forties and fifties, get screened because early detection is key to effective treatment of cancer.

“Prostate cancer is an indolent cancer and can be handled when a man is aware, visit a medical facility and change his lifestyle, not by having multiple ‘side chicks,’ he said.

On his part, Mr Yegwa Ukpo, the Executive Director, Asi Ukpo Comprehensive Cancer Centre, said they had to commemorate Movember because men’s health issues were hardly addressed in the society.

Represented by Mrs Mercy Njoku, Event and Outreach Manager of the centre, Ukpo said there was something about masculinity in the society that made men thought they had to keep their issues to themselves.

“I want to appeal to the men to take their health seriously because cases of men slumping and dying in their forties and fifties are on the increase, we don’t want this to continue.

“Also, a lot of men engage in excessive intake of alcohol, others work all the time just to make ends meet without checking their livers, kidneys, hearts and even mental state, this is why we are insisting on this outreach which will be annually,” he said.

Similarly, Dr Saviour Eze, Head of Medical Team in CCCI said that they decided to partner with ASI Ukpo because the outreach specifically called out men to be attended to which was quite unusual in the society.

Eze said as a church, they recognised the fact that physical illnesses should be handled by those God had placed in the Medical profession to take care, even though they pray for God’s healing.

NAN also reports that the outreach which saw men screened for the function of their hearts, kidneys, livers and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) was in partnership with the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Rotary Club and,Pink Africa among others.

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Weight-Loss

Effective Ways to Achieve Weight Loss

Losing weight can be challenging, but with the right approach, it is achievable. Here are some effective ways to help you reach your weight loss goals:

  1. Set Realistic Goals: Before starting any weight loss program, it’s essential to set realistic goals. Aim to lose 1-2 pounds per week for a sustainable weight loss.
  2. Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on consuming a balanced diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Avoid processed and high-calorie foods.
  3. Hydrate Adequately: Drinking plenty of water is crucial for weight loss. Aim for at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water per day.
  4. Incorporate Physical Activity: Regular exercise not only helps with weight loss but also improves overall health. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week.
  5. Get Enough Sleep: Poor sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate hunger and fullness, leading to weight gain. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.
  6. Manage Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain. Engage in stress-reducing activities like meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises.
  7. Monitor Progress: Regularly tracking your weight, measurements, and progress photos can help you stay motivated and on track.
  8. Seek Support: Having a support system in place can make a significant difference in your weight loss journey. Share your goals with friends and family, and consider joining a weight loss support group.
  9. Be Mindful of Portion Sizes: Eating large portions can lead to consuming more calories than needed. Use a food scale or measuring cups to gauge your portion sizes.
  10. Get Professional Help: If you’re struggling to lose weight or need personalized guidance, consider consulting a registered dietitian or a healthcare professional.

Remember, weight loss is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It’s essential to find a method that works for you and your lifestyle. Be patient, stay consistent, and celebrate small victories along the way.

Additional Tips:

  • Eat more protein to help with satiety and muscle mass.
  • Incorporate high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for efficient calorie burn.
  • Get enough probiotics to support gut health and weight loss.
  • Avoid fad diets and focus on sustainable lifestyle changes.

By incorporating these effective ways to achieve weight loss, you’ll be on your way to a healthier, happier you.

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Health

NAFDAC seals illegal wine factory in Abuja

NAFDAC has sealed an illegal wine factory at a residential building in Lugbe, Abuja

The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has discovered and sealed an illegal wine production factory operating from a residential building in Lugbe, Abuja.

NAFDAC announced the sealing off of the office on Thursday evening through a post it shared on its official X account.

The agency said the clandestine facility was used to counterfeit various imported wine brands, complete with preprinted date markings ready for market distribution.

“NAFDAC’s enforcement team led by Pharm. Mohammed Shaba gained access to the property through legal means and found already-produced wine products and packaging materials,” the post read.

“The suspect was absent during the raid but NAFDAC has summoned them for further questioning.”

Pharm. Shaba thereafter called on consumers to stay alert and report any suspicious products or activities to their nearest NAFDAC office to help ensure public safety.

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Health

Over 24m adults living with diabetes in Africa, says WHO

Over 24 million adults are currently living with the deadly diabetes disease in the African region alone, while 12 million others remain undiagnosed.

World Health Organisation’s (WHO) Regional Director for Africa, Dr. Matshidiso Rebecca Moeti, disclosed this to mark the 2024 World Diabetes Day (WDD).

She warned that the number of people living with diabetes in the region could rise to 54 million by 2045 if urgent interventions are not implemented to address this significant health challenge, the highest projected increase globally.

Moeti described diabetes as a chronic lifelong disease that leads to uncontrolled blood sugar levels when “the body can no longer produce or efficiently use the insulin it produces.”

She said, “In the WHO African Region alone, more than 24 million adults are currently living with diabetes, half of whom remain undiagnosed. Left untreated, diabetes can lead to complications such as heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, kidney failure, lower-limb amputation, and eye disease that can result in blindness.

“Without urgent interventions, predictions are that the number of people living with diabetes in the African Region will rise to 54 million by 2045, the highest projected increase globally.

“This poses a significant dual health and economic burden, including catastrophic spending by individuals to control their disease.”

Moeti lamented that Africa has the lowest investment rate in diabetes care worldwide, at only 1% of the region’s health expenditure.

She added that health systems are traditionally designed to deal with acute infectious diseases, with insufficient attention paid to chronic diseases like diabetes.

She stated that this year’s theme, “Breaking Barriers, Bridging Gaps,” emphasises the need for a collaborative approach to the ‘silent killer,’ a disease exacerbated by multiple drivers including urbanisation, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity.

Moeti noted that managing diabetes requires sustained efforts to balance physical activity, a healthy diet, and mental well-being. She stressed the need for comprehensive prevention strategies to address risk factors like obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity, combined with community engagement to ensure support systems and reduced stigma.

She recalled that during the 74th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Africa in August, African Member States endorsed WHO’s Framework for the Implementation of the Global Diabetes Compact (GDC) in Africa.

This initiative focuses specifically on integrating diabetes care into broader health systems in a multi-sectoral approach, providing a roadmap for countries to strengthen diabetes prevention, diagnosis, and care, especially at the primary health care level.

Moeti stressed WHO’s commitment to holistic solutions, including proper nutrition, access to essential medicines, and mental health support.

She appealed to individuals, communities, governments, health workers, policymakers, and civil society organisations to work with the organisation to curb the prevalence of diabetes.

She also advised communities and governments to play their roles by creating supportive environments that promote healthy living, reduce stigma, and provide access to affordable diabetes care and education.

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Health

Cost of healthy diet stood at N1,346 in September –NBS

The National Average Cost of a Healthy Diet (CoHD) per adult a day stood at N1,346 in September 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has said.

The NBS revealed this in its CoHD report for September 2024 released on Monday in Abuja.

The bureau said that the CoHD in September increased by 7.3 per cent compared to the N1,255 recorded in August.

The NBS said the CoHD was the least expensive combination of locally available items that met globally consistent food-based dietary guidelines.

It said it was used as a measure of physical and economic access to healthy diets.

“This is a lower bound (or floor) of the cost per adult per day excluding the cost of transportation and meal preparation.”

The bureau said that to compute the CoHD indicator, the following data on Retail Food Prices, Food Composition Data, and Healthy Diet Standards were required.

The NBS also said that in September, the average CoHD was highest in the South-West at N1,598 per adult per day, followed by the South-South at N1,462 per day.

It said the lowest average CoHD was recorded in the North-West at N1,144 per adult per day.

The NBS further said that at the state level Osun, Ogun and Lagos recorded the highest CoHD at N1,661, N1,650, and N1,639, respectively.

The bureau said Katsina recorded the lowest CoHD at N1.043, followed by Jigawa at N1,087, and Kebbi at N1,118.

The NBS said CoHD had steadily increased over the past six months, since April 2024.

“The CoHD in September 2024 is 30 per cent higher than what was recorded in April 2024 at N1,035.

“The food groups that have driven the increases in CoHD are legumes, nuts and seeds, starchy staples, and animal source foods.

“Legumes, Nuts and Seeds recorded the smallest increase in price by 3.8 per cent on a monthly basis.”

The report added that animal-source foods were the most expensive food group recommendation to meet in September accounting for 36 per cent of the total CoHD to provide 13 per cent of the total calories.

It noted that fruits and vegetables were the most expensive food groups in terms of price per calorie.

“They accounted for 11 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively, of the total CoHD while providing only seven per cent and five per cent of total calories in the Healthy Diet Basket.

“Legumes, nuts and seeds were the least-expensive food group on average, at seven per cent of the total cost.’’

The report also said that in recent months, the CoHD had risen faster than general inflation and food inflation.

“However, the CoHD and the food Consumer Price Index (CPI) are not directly comparable.

“The CoHD includes fewer items and is measured in Naira per day, while the food CPI is a weighted index,” NBS said.

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Business

Shisha is most profitable in cafes, restaurants across Africa — Study

New research by AIR Group, a leading shisha molasses producer and owner of the Al Fakher brand, reveals that shisha is the highest-margin item for cafes, bars, and restaurants across Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the U.S.

Recent interviews with hospitality owners in Nigeria, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Spain, and the U.S. indicate that around 80% of these establishments rely on shisha as a top revenue driver, with profit margins reaching up to 95%, compared to just 5% on food.

“Shisha is one of the most equitable consumer goods worldwide,” noted Ronan Barry, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer of AIR Group, who stressed that much of shisha’s value goes directly to local businesses. “The lion’s share of revenue benefits the small establishments that serve the experience.”

For many of these venues, shisha is essential for survival, with nearly half of respondents in Africa and other regions indicating they would struggle without it. Garth Beer, who manages a shisha catering business that services dozens of bars, restaurants, and nightclubs, explained, “In some cases, it’s ‘come for the shisha, stay for the food,’ while in others, it’s ‘come for the food, stay for shisha.’ That after-dinner shisha can make a table profitable.”

Despite shisha’s popularity, safety concerns with traditional charcoal shisha limit its availability in certain venues. AIR Group’s latest charcoal-free, pod-based system, OOKA, addresses these issues and has already been adopted by nearly 250 establishments across regions, including Africa. In Nigeria and beyond, this innovation is helping more small businesses offer shisha to customers safely and with fewer regulatory challenges.

Mario, manager of a premium nightclub in Dubai, noted, “We initially excluded shisha due to smoke and fire concerns, but with OOKA, we’ve had incredible customer feedback—it’s setting us up for a record season.”

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